4	Esquivel D, Mishra R, Soni P, Seetharaman R, Mahmood A, Srivastava A. Stem Cells Therapy as a Possible Therapeutic Option in Treating COVID-19 Patients. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2021 Feb;17(1):144-152. doi: 10.1007/s12015-020-10017-6. PMID: 32740890; PMCID: PMC7395577.
5	Jiang D, Li H, Lian J, Zhu X, Qiao L, Lin J. Stem cell therapy: a potential approach for treatment of influenza virus and coronavirus-induced acute lung injury. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11:192.
6	Kuraitis D, Giordano C, Ruel M, Musaro A, Suuronen EJ. Exploiting extracellular matrix-stem cell interactions: a review of natural materials for therapeutic muscle regeneration. Biomaterials. 2012;33:428-443.
7	Hu S, Park J, Liu A, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell microvesicles restore protein permeability across primary cultures of injured human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2018;7:615-624.
8	Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, et al. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest. 2020;130:2620-2629.
9	Martinez-Rojas MA, Vega-Vega O, Bobadilla NA. Is the kidney a target of SARS-CoV-2? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2020;318:F1454-F1462.
10	Medford AR, Millar AB. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): paradox or paradigm? Thorax. 2006;61:621-626.
11	Meng SS, Guo F-M, Zhang X-W, et al. mTOR/STAT-3 pathway mediates mesenchymal stem cell-secreted hepatocyte growth factor protective effects against lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction and apoptosis. J Cell Biochem. 2019;120:3637-3650.
12	Bernard O, Jeny F, Uzunhan Y, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells reduce hypoxia-induced apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells by modulating HIF and ROS hypoxic signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2018;314:L360-L371.
13	Chu X, Chen C, Chen C, Zhang J-S, Bellusci S, Li X. Evidence for lung repair and regeneration in humans: key stem cells and therapeutic functions of fibroblast growth factors. Front Med. 2020;14:262-272.
14	Wang HY, Liu C, Wang Y, et al. Experimental treatment of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis with human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 2013;31:675-680.
15	Barnes CJ, Distaso CT, Spitz KM, Verdun VA, Haramati A. Comparison of stem cell therapies for acute kidney injury. Am J Stem Cells. 2016;5:1-10.
16	Chen X, Shan Y, Wen Y, Sun J, Du H. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in severe COVID-19: A retrospective study of short-term treatment efficacy and side effects. J Infect. 2020;81(4):647-679.
17	Shu L, Niu C, Li R, et al. Treatment of severe COVID-19 with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11:361.
18	Liang B, Chen J, Li T, et al. Clinical remission of a critically ill COVID-19 patient treated by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: A case report. Medicine. 2020;99:e21429.
19	Meng F, Xu R, Wang S, et al. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in patients with COVID-19: a phase 1 clinical trial. Signal Transduct Target Therap. 2020;5:172.
20	Tang L, Jiang Y, Zhu M, et al. Clinical study using mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19. Front Med. 2020:1-10.
21	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0810-9 [Epub ahead of print]. Lee JH, Park J, Lee JW. Therapeutic use of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in acute lung injury. Transfusion. 2019;59:876-883.
22	Wang M, Yuan Q, Xie L. Mesenchymal stem cell-based immunomodulation: properties and clinical application. Stem Cells Int. 2018;2018:3057624.
23	Can A, Coskun H. The rationale of using mesenchymal stem cells in patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: What to expect. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2020 Nov;9(11):1287-1302. doi: 10.1002/sctm.20-0164. Epub 2020 Jul 21. PMID: 32779878; PMCID: PMC7404450.
24	Song N, Wakimoto H, Rossignoli F, Bhere D, Ciccocioppo R, Chen KS, Khalsa JK, Mastrolia I, Samarelli AV, Dominici M, Shah K. Mesenchymal stem cell immunomodulation: In pursuit of controlling COVID-19 related cytokine storm. Stem Cells. 2021 Jun;39(6):707-722. doi: 10.1002/stem.3354. Epub 2021 Mar 7. PMID: 33586320; PMCID: PMC8014246.
25	Zayed M, Iohara K. Immunomodulation and Regeneration Properties of Dental Pulp Stem Cells: A Potential Therapy to Treat Coronavirus Disease 2019. Cell Transplant. 2020 Jan-Dec;29:963689720952089. doi: 10.1177/0963689720952089. PMID: 32830527; PMCID: PMC7443577.
26	Wang XY. MSCs transplantation may be a potential therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 treatment. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020 Apr;24(8):4537-4538. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202004_21037. PMID: 32373992.
27	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26269908/
28	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19499984/
29	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27079998/
30	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4482114/
31	Gerrits MA, Lesscher HB, van Ree JM. Review. Drug dependence and the endogenous opioid system. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003 Dec; 13(6):424-34.
32	Stolerman IP. Review. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8192682/ Components of drug dependence: reinforcement, discrimination and adaptation. Biochem Soc Symp. 1993; 59()
33	van Ree JM, Gerrits MA, Vanderschuren LJ. Review. Opioids, reward and addiction: An encounter of biology, psychology, and medicine. Pharmacol Rev. 1999 Jun; 51(2)
34	Everitt BJ, Robbins TW.Review. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16251991/ Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nat Neurosci. 2005 Nov; 8(11).
35	Moningka H, Lichenstein S, Yip SW. Current understanding of the neurobiology of opioid use disorder: An overview. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 2019 Mar 15;6(1):1-11. doi: 10.1007/s40473-019-0170-4. Epub 2019 Jan 17.PMID: 34485022
36	Alcaro A, Brennan A, Conversi D.The SEEKING Drive and Its Fixation: A Neuro-Psycho-Evolutionary Approach to the Pathology of Addiction. Front Hum Neurosci. 2021 Aug 12;15:635932. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.635932. eCollection 2021.PMID: 34475816
37	Everitt BJ, Robbins TW.Review. Drug Addiction: Updating Actions to Habits to Compulsions Ten Years On. Annu Rev Psychol. 2016;67:23-50. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033457. Epub 2015 Aug 7.PMID: 26253543 \
38	Everitt BJ, Dickinson A, Robbins TW.Review. The neuropsychological basis of addictive behaviour. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2001 Oct;36(2-3):129-38. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00088-1.PMID: 11690609
39	Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B. Margolis. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4385443/ Understanding Opioid Reward. Trends Neurosci. 2015 Apr; 38(4). . Published online 2015 Jan 29. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.01.002
40	Min K, Song J, Kang JY, Ko J, Ryu JS, Kang MS, Jang SJ, Kim SH, Oh D, Kim MK, Kim SS & Kim M. Umbilical Cord Blood Therapy Potentiated with Erythropoietin for Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial. Stem Cells 2013; 31(3):581-591.
41	Kang M, Min K, Jang J, Kim SC, Kang MS, Jang SJ, Lee JY, Kim SH, Kim MK, An SSA, & Kim, M. Involvement of Immune Responses in the Efficacy of Cord Blood Cell Therapy for Cerebral Palsy. Stem cells and development, 2015; 24(19):2259-2268.
42	Sun JM, Song AW, Case LE, Mikati MA, Gustafson KE, Simmons R, Goldstein R, Petry J, McLaughlin C, Waters‐Pick B, Chen LW, Wease S, Blackwell B, Worley G, Troy J, & Kurtzberg J. Effect of Autologous Cord Blood Infusion on Motor Function and Brain Connectivity in Young Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 2017; 6(12):2071-2078
43	Liu X, Fu X, Dai G, Wang X, Zhang Z, Cheng H, Zheng P, & An Y. Comparative analysis of curative effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell and bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation for spastic cerebral palsy. Journal of Translational Medicine, 2017; 15:48
44	Novak I, Walker K, Hunt RW, Wallace E, Fahey M, Badawi N. Stem cell interventions for people with cerebral palsy: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 2016; 5(8):1014–1025
45	Autism statistics: 1 in 59 children: CDC
46	Onore C, Careaga M, Ashwood P. The role of immune dysfunction in the pathophysiology of autism. Brain, Behav Immun 2012; 26(3):383–392.
47	Braunschweig D, Krakowiak P, Duncanson P, Boyce R, Hansen RL, Ashwood P, Hertz-Picciotto I, Pessah IN, Van de Water J. Autism-specific maternal autoantibodies recognize critical proteins in developing brain. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e277
48	Vargas DL, Nascimbene C, Krishnan C et al. Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann Neurol 2005; 57(1):67–81.
49	Young AMH, Chakrabarti B, Roberts D, Lai M-C, Suckling J, Baron-Cohen S. From molecules to neural morphology: understanding neuroinflammation in autism spectrum condition. Molecular Autism 2016; 7:9
50	Lv Y-T, Zhang Y, Liu M, Qiuwaxi Jnt, Ashwood P, Cho SC, Huan Y, Ge R-C, Chen X-W, Wang Z-J, Kim B-J, Hu X. Transplantation of human cord blood mononuclear cells and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in autism. Journal Translational Medicine 2013; 11:196
51	Dawson G, Sun JM, Davlantis K, Murias M, Franz L, Troy J, Simmons R, Sabatos-DeVito M, Durham R, Kurtzberg J. Autologous Cord Blood Infusions Are Safe and Feasible in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results of a Single‐Center Phase I Open‐Label Trial. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017; 6(5):1332-1339
52	Chez M, Lepage C, Parise C, Dang‐Chu A, Hankins A, Carroll M. Safety and Observations from a Placebo‐Controlled, Crossover Study to Assess Use of Autologous Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells to Improve Symptoms in Children with Autism. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2018; 7(4):333-341
53	Advanced cell therapy clinical trials 2011-2018 data from CellTrials.org
54	Silva Couto P, Shatirishvili G, Bersenev A, Verter F. First Decade of Clinical Trials and Published Studies with Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Umbilical Cord Tissue. Regenerative Medicine 2019; on-line ahead of print
55	Singer NG, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Mechanisms of Inflammation. Ann Rev Path Mech Dis 2011; 6:457-478
56	Prockop DJ, Oh JY. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs): Role as Guardians of Inflammation. Molecular Therapy 2012; 20(1):14-20
57	Bernardo ME, Fibbe WE. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Sensors and Switchers of Inflammation. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 13(4):392-402
58	Laskowitz DT, Bennett ER, Durham RJ, Volpi JJ, Wiese JR, Frankel M, Shpall E, Wilson JM, Troy J, Kurtzberg J. Allogeneic Umbilical Cord Blood Infusion for Adults with Ischemic Stroke: Clinical Outcomes from a Phase I Safety Study. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2018; 7(7):521-529
59	Riordan RH, Hincapié ML, Morales I, Fernández G, Allen N, Leu C, Madrigal M, Rodríguez JP, Novarro N. Allogeneic Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children: Safety Profile and Effect on Cytokine Levels. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019; 8(10):1008-1016.
60	Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx). http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool?params=gbd-api-2019permalink/d780dffbe8a381b25e1416884959e88b (Accessed 1 May 2021).
61	Evans-Lacko S, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Al-Hamzawi A, et al. Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Psychol Med. 2018;48(9):1560-1571.
62	Potten CS, Loeffler M (1990) Stem cells: attributes, cycles, spirals, pitfalls and uncertainties. Lessons for and from the crypt. Development 110: 1001–1020
63	https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression
64	https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression
65	https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Angelika-Schmitt/publication/11266089_ When_cells_become_depressed_focus_on_neural_stem_cells_in_novel_treatment_strategies_against_depression/links/02e7e51e78c7f1cd41000000/When-cells-become-depressed-focus-on-neural-stem-cells-in-novel-treatment-strategies-against-depression.pdf